Unix Hints

UNIX Topics include:-

UNIX - Displaying Routes 
UNIX - Adding Static Routes 
UNIX - Interface Config Information 
UNIX - Resolve.conf File 
UNIX - Nsswitch.conf File 
UNIX - Default.router File 
UNIX - Unix Config Files 
UNIX - Show OS version on Unix system 
UNIX - Show time on Unix system 
UNIX - Show system uptime on Unix system 
UNIX - Show diskspace for volumes in system 
UNIX - Searching for a file in Unix 
UNIX - Mounting a CD-Rom in Unix 
UNIX - Floppy disks on Unix 
UNIX - Unpacking 'tar' and '.Z' files
UNIX - VI Editor Commands 
UNIX - Unix Scripts 
UNIX - Editing .profile file 
UNIX - Redhat Linux Notes 
UNIX - AWK Script  

Displaying Routes

Routes can be displayed with netstat -rn

root@tpeccp01 # netstat -rn
Routing Table: IPv4
  Destination           Gateway           Flags           Ref   Use   Interface
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.205.0.192         10.205.20.2           UG           1        0  
10.205.0.224         10.205.20.2           UG           1        0  
10.205.20.128        10.205.20.2           UG           1        0  
10.205.20.0          10.205.20.10          U            1        0      ce0
10.205.19.128        10.205.19.143         U            1       23      ce1
10.128.2.0           10.128.2.14           U            1       24      ce2
10.132.52.0          10.128.2.1            UG           1        0  
10.132.50.0          10.128.2.1            UG           1        0  
10.132.49.0          10.128.2.1            UG           1        0  
147.147.0.0          10.205.19.130         UG           1        0  
147.150.0.0          10.205.19.130         UG           1        0  
147.149.0.0          10.205.19.130         UG           1       22  
147.148.0.0          10.205.19.130         UG           1        0  
172.21.0.0           10.205.19.130         UG           1        0  
10.0.0.0             10.205.19.130         UG           1       46  
224.0.0.0            10.205.19.143         U            1        0       ce1
default              10.128.2.1            UG           1       77  
127.0.0.1            127.0.0.1             UH           2       51       lo0
root@tpeccp01 # 
 
 
Adding Static Routes

Static routes are appended to the /etc/init.d/inetinit file or can be added 'on-the-fly' 
using same commands shown below, but syntax can vary with Unix flavour: -

#Static Routes
route add 10.0.0.0 -netmask 255.0.0.0 10.205.19.130
route add 147.147.0.0 -netmask 255.255.0.0 10.205.19.130
route add 147.148.0.0 -netmask 255.255.0.0 10.205.19.130
route add 147.149.0.0 -netmask 255.255.0.0 10.205.19.130
route add 147.150.0.0 -netmask 255.255.0.0 10.205.19.130
route add 172.21.0.0 -netmask 255.255.0.0 10.205.19.130
route add 10.205.20.128 -netmask 255.255.255.192 10.205.20.2
route add 10.205.0.192 -netmask 255.255.255.224 10.205.20.2
route add 10.205.0.224 -netmask 255.255.255.224 10.205.20.2
route add 10.132.49.0 -netmask 255.255.255.0 10.128.2.1
route add 10.132.50.0 -netmask 255.255.255.0 10.128.2.1
route add 10.132.52.0 -netmask 255.255.255.0 10.128.2.1
root@tpeccp01 # 

route add -host 217.140.33.177 10.205.26.65
route add 10.1.1.0 -netmask 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.254


Interface Config Information

Interface information can be obtained using ifconfig -a

root@tpgend02 # ifconfig -a
lo0: flags=1000849 mtu 8232 index 1
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 
eri0: flags=1000843 mtu 1500 index 2
        inet 10.128.4.10 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 10.128.4.255
        ether 0:3:ba:17:fb:22 
ge0: flags=1000843 mtu 1500 index 3
        inet 10.205.19.6 netmask ffffffc0 broadcast 10.205.19.63
        ether 0:3:ba:17:fb:22 
hme0: flags=1000843 mtu 1500 index 4
        inet 10.205.19.138 netmask ffffff80 broadcast 10.205.19.255
        ether 0:3:ba:17:fb:22
or

# ifconfig lan0
lan0: flags=863
inet 194.101.1.50 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 194.101.1.255
 
Get the interface name from "netstat -i"
NB. If command is not found use … 
root@tpgend02 #  /usr/sbin/ifconfig -a
 eg. Mask Change
 Actions performed on "tpacgpd1" ...
 /etc/netmasks
10.205.26.64    255.255.255.240   ->   10.205.26.64    255.255.255.224
tpacgpd1# ifconfig ce1 down
tpacgpd1# ifconfig ce1 10.205.26.77 netmask 255.255.255.224 up
tpacgpd1# ifconfig ce1
ce1: flags=1000843 mtu 1500 index 6
        inet 10.205.26.77 netmask ffffffe0 broadcast 10.255.255.255
        ether 0:3:ba:43:ff:89
 
e.g. IP Change
JHGSI-NOK01[admin]# ifconfig eth1c0 10.230.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
Ifconfig  {interface}
e.g.
ifconfig ce1 down
ifconfig ce1 unplumb
ifconfig ce1 10.205.26.81 netmask  255.255.255.224
ifconfig ce1 plumb
ifconfig ce1 up
 

Resolve.conf File

Resolv.conf File

The following is the /etc/resolv.conf file for DNS to work :
domain  acme.gov.uk
nameserver      151.176.242.171
nameserver      151.176.242.173
 

Nsswitch.conf File

Nsswitch.conf File

Host will search for a name according to the sequence in Nsswitch.conf, So need 
to ensure that the following line in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file includes "dns":
hosts:      files       dns

 
Default.router File

Default.router File

The default router is detailed in the /etc/default.router file.

 
Unix Config Files

Unix Config Files
 
/etc/netmasks
/etc/hostname.XX (x3)
/etc/hosts
/etc/rc2.d/S99routes
/etc/resolv.conf - if configured
/etc/nsswitch.conf - if configured
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow  "

 
Show OS version on Unix system

Show OS version on Unix system

uname -a

root@tpgend02 #  uname -a


Show time on Unix system

Show time on Unix system

date

[root@localhost mark]# date
Wed Nov 15 23:47:44 GMT 2000

 
Show system uptime on Unix system

Show system uptime on Unix system

uptime

[root@localhost mark]# uptime
11:46pm  up 53 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 
 
 
Show diskspace for volumes in system

Show diskspace for volumes in system
(Commands depend on Unix flavour)

df

df -P or df -v (shows % used etc)

du -k (shows disk space of current directory)

[root@localhost mark]# df
Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda8               256667     63794    179621  27% /
/dev/sda1                23302      7825     14274  36% /boot
/dev/sda6              1778840    187132   1501344  12% /home
/dev/sda5              1778840   1360488    327988  81% /usr
/dev/sda7               256667     30671    212744  13% /var       
 
 
Searching for a file in Unix

Searching for a file in Unix

find /.. -name protocols

Searches from the top level directory downwards for the specified file.

[root@localhost mark]# find /.. -name fstab
/../usr/lib/linuxconf/help.de/fstab
/../usr/lib/linuxconf/help.eng/fstab    
 
 
Mounting a CD-Rom in Unix

Mounting a CD-Rom in Unix

mount /mnt/cdrom    {assuming cd device is called cdrom, which is the default} 

cd  /mnt/cdrom

 
Floppy disks on Unix

Floppy disks on Unix

Normally Unix formats floppies in the "ext2" system, as opposed to DOS using "vfat" 

(V7.0 Redhat auto-sence file system on floppy see below).

[root@localhost mark]# more /etc/fstab
LABEL=/                 /                       ext2    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext2    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/home             /home                   ext2    defaults        1 2
/dev/cdrom              /mnt/cdrom              iso9660 noauto,owner,ro 0 0
/dev/fd0                /mnt/floppy             auto    noauto,owner    0 0
LABEL=/usr              /usr                    ext2    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/var              /var                    ext2    defaults        1 2
none                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
none                    /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
/dev/sda9               swap                    swap    defaults        0 0    

In order to change this default edit /etc/fstab ....from...

/dev/fd0    /mnt/floppy    ext2     noauto,owner

to....

/dev/fd0   /mnt/floppy     vfat      noauto,owner

Mounting a DOS formatted floppy (if not auto-sensing)

[root@localhost doc]# mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
[root@localhost doc]# cd /mnt/floppy
[root@localhost floppy]# ls -l
total 801
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     112128     Sep 20 16:58    ATTSQNYN#2.doc
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     19968      Nov 6 16:52     Analysis Info.doc
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     617984     Nov 7 10:15     BBG Analysis Report.doc
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     858        Nov 6 01:19     bbemail.txt
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     16735      Oct 25 19:40    bill.txt
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     50688      Oct 25 19:39    bill.txt.doc
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     736        Oct 20 16:07    kk
-rwxrwxr-x 1     root     root     508        Oct 20 16:08    kkk
[root@localhost floppy]#

Unmounting a DOS Formatted floppy

[root@localhost floppy]# umount -t vfat /dev/fd0
umount: /mnt/floppy: device is busy
[This is because my PWD is is still on the device, so must move PWD away so as to 
release the device, as shown below.] 

[root@localhost floppy]# cd /home/mark
[root@localhost mark]# umount -t vfat /dev/fd0
[root@localhost mark]# 

 
Unpacking 'tar' and '.Z' files

Unpacking 'tar' and '.Z' files

To unpack a 'tar' file

tar xvf filename

To unpack a '.Z' file

/usr/bin/zcat filename

If the file is both a 'tar' and '.Z', e.g..

maint1-cam23-hpux_tar.Z

Then both commands can be used with the pipe command e.g.

/usr/bin/zcat maint1-cam23-hpux_tar.Z | tar xvf
 
 
VI Editor Commands

VI Editor Commands
 	 	 	 
Cursor Movement                      Editing Commands
j    Move cursor down                 o   Open new line below current line
k    Move cursor up                   O   Open new line above current line
h    Move cursor left                 r   Replace character under cursor
l    Move cursor right                R   Overtype characters
CTRL-G  Display current line number	 i   Insert text before cursor
nG   Move to line number n            a   Insert text after cursor
G    Move to last line in file        I   Insert text at beginning of line
:n   Move to line number n            A   Insert text at end of line
J    Join two lines
u    Undo last edit
U    Restore current line
 	 	 	 
Cut & Paste                                  Exit Commands
x    Delete char under char                   ZZ   Write (save) and quit file
dd   Delete line                              :x   Write (save) and quit file
D    Delete to end of line                    :wq! Write (save) and quit file
p    Put dele/yanked text after cursor        :q!  Quit file (discarding any changes)
P    Put dele/yanked text before cursor	 	 
ym   Yank (copy) text block (defined by mark)	 	 
yy,Y Yank current line	 	 
 	 	 	 
Esc     Exits back to command mode             / pattern   Search for pattern
:       Follows Esc to issue further commands	 	 
CTRL-L  Redraw screen	                      :! cmd   Give Unix command
CTRL-R  Redraw screen	                      :r ! cmd Read output of Unix cmd into current file
  
 
Unix Scripts

Unix Scripts

After writing a text script file the 'x' (for execute) flag may need to be enabled before it will run.

# ./auto
sh: ./auto: Execute permission denied.

# chmod +x auto

# ./auto

To debug a script

# sh -x auto
+ nwg
auto[2]: nwg: not found.
+ show int
auto[3]: show: not found.
auto[4]: Syntax error at line 4 : `|' is not expected.

 
Editing .profile file

Editing .profile file

The .profile file is run when a user logs in and is used to set environmental variables etc.

Eg.

NMSROOT=/opt/Cisco/CSCOcwsi_opt
Export NMSROOT
 
 
Redhat Linux Notes

Redhat Linux Notes

Cartman config: -

Display: -

X Display setup :- use Xconfigurator from root account-----> writes file /etc/x11/xf86config
Checkout: - /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config
"ctrl, alt & +" - switches different screen fonts/resolutions
"ctrl, alt & Backspace" - exits 
Disks: -
Device mount points: -
Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda8               256667     63794    179621  27% /
/dev/sda1                23302      7825     14274  36% /boot
/dev/sda6              1778840    187132   1501344  12% /home
/dev/sda5              1778840   1360488    327988  81% /usr
/dev/sda7               256667     30671    212744  13% /var 
 
 
AWK Script

AWK Script

#!/bin/sh
 
# +<<< Open source trace file >>>+
#
               cat wkfile.txt | while read a
               do
#
# +<<< Read source file a line at a time >>>+
#
               w=`echo $a | awk '{print $1, $2}'`
#
        if [ "$w" = "Protocol =" ]
        then
        pro=`echo $a | awk '{print $5}'`
        string=$pro
#
        elif [ "$w" = "Source Address" ]
        then
        sad1=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $1}' | cut -c17-19`
        sad2=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $2}'`
        sad3=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $3}'`
        sad4=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $4}' | cut -c1-3`
        sad="$sad1.$sad2.$sad3.$sad4" 
        string="$string,$sad"
#
        elif [ "$w" = "Destination Address" ]
        then
        dad1=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $1}' | cut -c22-24`
        dad2=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $2}'`
        dad3=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $3}'`
        dad4=`echo $a | awk -F. '{print $4}' | cut -c1-3`
        dad="$dad1.$dad2.$dad3.$dad4" 
        string="$string,$dad"
#
        elif [ "$w" = "Source Port" ]
        then
        spo=`echo $a | awk '{print $4}'`
        string="$string,$spo"
#
        elif [ "$w" = "Destination Port" ]
        then
        dpo=`echo $a | awk '{print $4}'`
        string="$string,$dpo"
#
# +<<< Display to screen >>>+
#
               echo $string
#
        fi
#
               if  [ "$dpo" != "" ]
               then
               echo $string >> convs
#
# +<<< Clear string values >>>+
#
               dpo=""
               spo=""
               dad=""
               sad=""
               pro=""
#
               fi
               done
#
# +<<< Sort file to remove duplicates >>>+
#
               cat convs | sort -u > convs_sorted
# 
# +<<< Remove any spaces in data >>>+
#
        tr -d [:blank:] < convs_sorted > data.txt
        rm convs*